Tag Archives: quadruped

Heads or Tails?

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I have recently been prioritising update logs on the Hackaday page of this project, due to the previous deadline! For completeness, here are some more details about the process in building the add-on tail.

 

 

The CAD model went through a couple of iterations before deciding on the final form: from 8 polygonal sections to six smoother and smaller sections.

When 3D printing, the base section went through a re-design, since the original idea of just gluing the small section to the base was clearly not going to provide enough stability. I also removed yet another link, to avoid having the tail ending up too big and heavy.

The base section of the tail now screws onto two of the existing holes on the rear base, meaning there is no need to modify it, other than replacing two M3 bolts with longer ones.

The tail links are all held together with a 150 mm long, 5 mm diameter spring, scavenged from a flexible long reach pick-up tool.

 

To make the models easy to 3D print, I sliced them all down the centre, then glued the halves together Loctite super glue works well with PLA (the gel type works best). There were a few failed prints in the process, which I put down to rushing, and using PLA which has been out in the air gathering moisture for several months! Prints were made on a Flashforge Creator Pro, with 15% infill.

Here are some pictures of the printing and assembly progress, leading to the final result:

 

 

 

MVI_3639

 

 

Steering input adjustments

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Following on from the previous post on walking and steering, I realised that when moving the spine joints, the rear feet remain anchored to the ground, when it would be better if they rotated around the spine motors, to give a better turning circle for steering.

The reason behind why the feet remain fixed is because their targets are being defined in world coordinate space, so moving the spine won’t change the target.

There are advantages to defining the targets in world space for future work, when the robot knows more information about its environment. For example the legs can be positioned in the world in order to navigate upcoming terrain or obstacles. But for now, it is often useful to work in coordinates local to the base (front base for front legs, and rear base for rear legs), since in this way you don’t have to worry about the relative positioning of the front base w.r.t. rear.

I will eventually update the kinematics code so either world or local targets can be selected.

For now however, I have made an update to the code, so if the spine joint sliders, gaits or walking/steering inputs are used, the rear leg targets move with the spine. To explain this better visually:

This slideshow requires JavaScript.

Another minor adjustment you might notice was the widening of the stance, to provide a larger support polygon. The walking gaits still need fine-tuning, as walking on the actual robot is still unstable and slow.

 

Walking and steering inputs

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Some slow progress lately, but progress nonetheless. First, I have updated the walking gaits with additional target values. Second, I have added a new input mode which allows the predefined walking gaits to be scrolled through via the keyboard or controller inputs. In effect, this means the controller can be used to “remote-control” the walking of the robot! The walking gaits still need a lot of tuning, but the basic function is now implemented.

I have updated the CSV spreadsheet for gait data, so that it now includes the 5 possible degrees-of-freedom of each foot (XYZ and Roll/Pitch), the 6 DoF of the base, and the 2 spine joints.

Gait_Values_Walk

The walking gait’s updated list of foot target values (first 50 out of 100).

Gait_Graph_Walk

The foot target values visualised (base and spine joints not shown).

In Python, all the CSV data is loaded into an array. One of the keyboard/controller inputs can now also be used to update an index, that scrolls forwards/backwards through the array’s rows.

Next, to get the robot to turn, a second input controls a deflection value which adjusts one of the spine joints and the base orientation (as was mentioned in this past post). The deflection slowly decreases back to 0, if the input is also 0.

By doing this, the walking gait can be controlled at will by the two inputs, and hopefully make the robot walk and turn. Next comes the fine-tuning and testing!

All the latest code can be found on the Quadbot17 GitHub project page as usual.

 

Body Moving

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New video!

I have been testing the movement of the robot’s base in the world, while keeping the legs fixed to the ground, as a test of the robot’s stability and flexibility.

The robot base can now be controlled, either via the GUI, keyboard or gamepad, in the following ways:

  • Translation in XYZ
  • Roll/pitch/yaw
  • Movement of the two spine joints – Front of robot remains still, while rear adjusts
  • Movement of the two spine joints – Front of robot attempts to counteract the motion of the rear

You may notice the real robot can’t move its upper leg all the way horizontally as the IK might suggest is possible, because there is a small clash between the AX-12 and the metal bracket, but this should be fixed by filing or bending the curved metal tabs:

Leg Clash Check - CAD-Actual.png

Software updates

I have recently written an OpenCM sketch to control the robot servos, in a way similar to how it was being done with the older Arbotix-M, but this time using the Robotis libraries for communicating with the motors.

I have also been making various updates to the Python test code, with a few of the main issues being:

  • Improved the code for positioning the base and base target in world
  • Updated base/spine transforms – Front legs now move with base, not first spine joint
  • Fixed the leg IK – Legs now remain in line with ground when the base moves
  • Added new keyboard/joystick input modes for controlling base position, base orientation, spine joints
  • Updated the serial string sending function and fixed some minor issues
  • Moved a load of script configuration variables to a separate Params module
  • Added a combo box to the GUI front-end for loading a selection of CSV files (as an update to the previous two fixed buttons)

All the latest code can be found on the Quadbot17 GitHub project page as usual.

Four legs built – New videos and images

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With the hardware for all four legs gathered, I have assembled the first standalone version of the quadruped. The MakerBeam XL aluminium profiles were adopted as before, to create a temporary chassis.

The fact that the robot can now stand on its four feet meant I could quickly give the walking gaits a test on the real hardware: The Python test software reads the up/down and forward/back position of each leg for a number of frames that make up a walking gait, the IK is solved, and the resulting joint values are streamed via serial over to the Arbotix-M, which simply updates the servo goal positions. No balancing or tweaking has been done whatsoever yet, which is why in the video I have to hold on to the back of the robot to prevent it from tipping backwards.

I took some time to make a video of the progress so far on this robot project:

A chance for some new photos:

 

Finally, here is an older video showing the Xbox One controller controlling the IK’s foot target position, and a simple serial program on the ArbotiX-M which receives the resulting position commands for each motor (try to overlook the bad video quality):

In the next stage I will start building the robot’s body, as per the CAD design, which is for the most part 3D printed parts and aluminium sheets, combined with the 2 DoF “spine” joints.

Body/spine and improved leg kinematics

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The Python test program has been updated to include the additional spine joints, transformation between the robot and world coordinates, and leg targets which take orientation into account.

This test script is used in anticipation for controlling the actual robot’s servos.

 

Spine joints

The “spine” consists of two joints which will allow the front of the robot to pitch and yaw independently of the rear. This will give it more flexibility when turning and handling uneven terrain, as well as other tasks such as aiming its sensors at the world.

Since the spine joints are quite simple, I don’t think there is any need to create IK for this section.

 

Main Assembly v114 Spine

The “spine” joints separate the body of the quadruped between mostly similar front and rear sections.

 

Body and spine orientation

The robot body now takes into account that it has to be oriented w.r.t. the “world”. This will be physically achieved by the information acquired by an IMU sensor. If the robot is tilted forwards, the targets for the legs will have to be adjusted so that the robot maintains its balance.

I have defined the kinematics in a way that if the the robot was to rotate w.r.t. the world, the whole body rotates (this can be achieved by moving the test Roll/Pitch/Yaw sliders). However if the servo joints of the spine are moved (test joint 1 / joint 2 sliders) the rear section of the robot will move w.r.t the world, and the rear legs will move with it, while the front section won’t change w.r.t. the world.

In order to achieve this, the leg IK had to be updated so that now the base frames of the front legs are linked to the front section of the robot, and the base frames of the rear legs are linked to the rear section.

You might notice while orientation will be defined by an IMU, pure translation (movement in XYZ) in the world is not considered for now, as it is meaningless without some sort of localisation capability in place. This could be achieved by a sensor (see below), but is an entirely separate challenge for a long way down the line (hint: SLAM).

Quadbot 17 Quad Kinematics_004

New leg targets: Foot roll/pitch can be attained (within limits). In addition, the robot base can be positioned with respect to an outside world frame.

Quadbot 17 Quad Kinematics_002

Original leg targets: The feet are always pointing vertical to the ground.

 

Target roll and yaw

Initially, the leg target was simply a position in 3D for the foot link, and the foot was always pointing perpendicular to the ground, which made the inverse kinematics fairly easy. In version 2, the target orientation is now also taken into account. Actually, the pitch and roll can be targeted, but yawing cannot be obtained, simply because of the mechanics of the legs. Yawing, or turning, can be done by changing the walking gait pattern alone,  but the idea is that the spine bend will also aid in steering the robot (how exactly I don’t know yet, but that will come later!).

Getting the kinematics to work were a bit trickier than the original version, mainly because the “pitching” orientation of the leg can only be achieved by the positioning of joint 4, whereas the “rolling” orientation can only be achieved by the positioning of joint 5. The available workspace of the foot is also somewhat limited, in part due to that missing yaw capability. Particularly at positions when the leg has to stretch sideways (laterally) then certain roll/pitching combinations are impossible to reach. Nevertheless, this implementation gives the feet enough freedom to be placed on fairly uneven surfaces, and not be constrained to the previously flat plane.

The next challenge that follows from this, is how can realistic target positions and orientations be generated (beyond predetermined fixed walking gaits), to match what the robot sees of the world?

To answer this, first I need to decide how the robot sees the world: Primarily it will be by means of some 3D scanner, such as the ones I’ve looked into in the past, or maybe the Intel RealSense ZR300 which has recently caught my attention. But this alone might not be sufficient, and some form of contact sensors on the feet may be required.

The big question is, should I get a RealSense sensor for this robot ??? 🙂

 

 

Updated code can be found on GitHub (single-file test script is starting to get long, might be time to split up into class files!).

 

 

Second leg assembly and painting

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With enough motors and brackets to build a second leg, the hardware build continues! I have spray-painted all the metal brackets to go with an all-blue colour scheme. The Robotis plastic brackets were hard to source online, so I got them printed by Shapeways.

I re-purposed the test rig frame used for the single leg to make a platform for the two legs. It’s made out of MakerBeam XL aluminium profiles which are very easy to change around and customise to any shape. This base will work well until I get the rest of the plastic parts 3D printed and the metal parts cut.

I also had enough parts and motors to assemble the 2-axis “spine”, but the main frame is not yet built so it that part is on the side for now.

Here are a few photos of the build:

In the next post I will concentrate on software updates to the leg and spine kinematics.

Kinematics x4

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I have updated the quadruped kinematics program to display all four legs and calculate their IK. I have also started working on the ways various walking gates can be loaded and executed. I found an interesting creeping walk gait from this useful quadruped robot gait study article, and replicated it below for use with my robot:

Creep_Gait

As you can see, the patterns are replicated in quadrants, in order to complete a full gait where each leg is moved forward once. In my test program, I use the up/down and forward/back position of each leg, to drive the foot target for each leg, as was done previously with the GUI sliders and gamepad.

The lateral swing of each leg (first joint) is not changed, but this can be looked at later. The “ankle” (last two joints) is controlled such that the leg plane is always parallel to the ground.

This is what the current state of the program looks like:

Quadbot 17 Quad Kinematics_002

The foot target values are loaded from a CSV into the Python program, and the IK is run for each leg, going through the whole gait sequence:

testQuadGait

I have also added the option to interrupt and run another gait sequence at any point. The reason for this is to try and experiment how to best switch or blend from one gait to another. For now, if a new gait is loaded, the program will stop the current gait, and compare the current pose to all poses in the new gait. The new gait will then start at the pose which most closely matches the current pose, by using a simple distance metric.
If the 8 values of up/down/fwd/back for all legs are in an array LastPose for the last pose the robot was in, and CurrPose for the current pose of interest from the new gait, then the pseudocode looks something like this:

DistanceMetric = 0
for i = 0 to 7
{
  d[i] = abs(CurrPose[i] - LastPose[i])
  if d[i] > threshold
  d[i] += penalty
  DistanceMetric += d[i]
}

If the distance in any particular direction is larger than some threshold, then an arbitrary penalty value can be added. This will bias the calculation against outliers: a pose with evenly distributed distances will be preferred over a pose with an overall small distance but large distance in one direction. This may not actually be of much use in practice, but can be tweaked or removed later.

The above pose switching idea will be expanded on, so that the robot can seemlessly blend between predefined walking gaits, e.g. when in order to turn left and right or speed up and down.

The next step is to start porting all this test code onto the Arbotix, which has a few minor challenges: Ideally the IK matrix operations need to be done efficiently without extra overhead from additional libraries. The gait values which are loaded from a CSV file need to be hard-coded, however this should be simple to do, since as shown above a gait uses the same target values rearranged across quadrants.

Until next time!

5DOF leg test rig build and gamepad control

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The hardware for the test rig has arrived, and the first leg has been set up!

The metal brackets are from Trossen Robotics and largely match the dimensions of their equivalent plastic parts from Robotis. Some parts do not have metal counterparts, so I used spare plastic parts from my Bioloid kit. I also ordered an ArbotiX-M controller (Arduino-based), which communicates with the PC via a spare SparkFun FT232RL I had. The test rig frame is made out of MakerBeam XL aluminium profiles.
Unfortunately, I thought I had more 3-pin cables than I actually did, so I can’t control all the motors just yet. However, I’ve got an Xbox One controller controlling the IK’s foot target position and a simple serial program on the ArbotiX-M which receives the resulting position commands for each motor.

 

The code for both the Python applet and the Arduino can be found on GitHub here.

Some of the more useful snippets of code are shown below:

The following code handles gamepad inputs and converts them to a natural-feeling movement, based on equations of motion. The gamepad input gets converted into a virtual force, which is opposed by a drag proportional to the current velocity. The angles resulting from the IK are sent to the controller via serial port:


class GamepadHandler(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, master):
        self.master = master
        # Threading vars
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.daemon = True  # OK for main to exit even if instance is still running
        self.paused = False
        self.triggerPolling = True
        self.cond = threading.Condition()
        # Input vars
        devices = DeviceManager()
        self.target = targetHome[:]
        self.speed = [0, 0, 0]
        self.inputLJSX = 0
        self.inputLJSY = 0
        self.inputRJSX = 0
        self.inputRJSY = 0
        self.inputLJSXNormed = 0
        self.inputLJSYNormed = 0
        self.inputRJSXNormed = 0
        self.inputRJSYNormed = 0
        self.dt = 0.005

    def run(self):
        while 1:
            with self.cond:
                if self.paused:
                    self.cond.wait()  # Block until notified
                    self.triggerPolling = True
                else:
                    if self.triggerPolling:
                        self.pollInputs()
                        self.pollIK()
                        self.pollSerial()
                        self.triggerPolling = False
            # Get joystick input
            try:
                events = get_gamepad()
                for event in events:
                    self.processEvent(event)
            except:
                pass

    def pause(self):
        with self.cond:
            self.paused = True

    def resume(self):
        with self.cond:
            self.paused = False
            self.cond.notify()  # Unblock self if waiting

    def processEvent(self, event):
        #print(event.ev_type, event.code, event.state)
        if event.code == 'ABS_X':
            self.inputLJSX = event.state
        elif event.code == 'ABS_Y':
            self.inputLJSY = event.state
        elif event.code == 'ABS_RX':
            self.inputRJSX = event.state
        elif event.code == 'ABS_RY':
            self.inputRJSY = event.state

    def pollInputs(self):
        # World X
        self.inputLJSYNormed = self.filterInput(-self.inputLJSY)
        self.target[0], self.speed[0] = self.updateMotion(self.inputLJSYNormed, self.target[0], self.speed[0])
        # World Y
        self.inputLJSXNormed = self.filterInput(-self.inputLJSX)
        self.target[1], self.speed[1] = self.updateMotion(self.inputLJSXNormed, self.target[1], self.speed[1])
        # World Z
        self.inputRJSYNormed = self.filterInput(-self.inputRJSY)
        self.target[2], self.speed[2] = self.updateMotion(self.inputRJSYNormed, self.target[2], self.speed[2])
        with self.cond:
            if not self.paused:
                self.master.after(int(self.dt*1000), self.pollInputs)

    def pollIK(self):
        global target
        target = self.target[:]
        runIK(target)
        with self.cond:
            if not self.paused:
                self.master.after(int(self.dt*1000), self.pollIK)

    def pollSerial(self):
        if 'ser' in globals():
            global ser
            global angles
            writeStr = ""
            for i in range(len(angles)):
                x = int( rescale(angles[i], -180.0, 180.0, 0, 1023) )
                writeStr += str(i+1) + "," + str(x)
                if i  3277) or (i  3277:
                oldMax = 32767
            elif i < -3277:
                oldMax = 32768
            inputNormed = math.copysign(1.0, abs(i)) * rescale(i, 0, oldMax, 0, 1.0)
        else:
            inputNormed = 0
        return inputNormed

    def updateMotion(self, i, target, speed):
        c1 = 10000.0
        c2 = 10.0
        mu = 1.0
        m = 1.0
        u0 = speed
        F = c1*i - c2*u0  # Force minus linear drag
        a = F/m
        t = self.dt
        x0 = target
        # Equations of motion
        u = u0 + a*t
        x = x0 + u0*t + 0.5*a*pow(t, 2)
        # Update self
        target = x
        speed = u
        return target, speed

def rescale(old, oldMin, oldMax, newMin, newMax):
    oldRange = (oldMax - oldMin)
    newRange = (newMax - newMin)
    return (old - oldMin) * newRange / oldRange + newMin

The following Python code is the leg’s Forward Kinematics (click to expand):


def runFK(angles):
    global a
    global footOffset
    global T_1_in_W
    global T_2_in_W
    global T_3_in_W
    global T_4_in_W
    global T_5_in_W
    global T_F_in_W

    a = [0, 0, 29.05, 76.919, 72.96, 45.032]  # Link lengths "a-1"

    footOffset = 33.596

    s = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
    c = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
    for i in range(1,6):
        s[i] = math.sin( math.radians(angles[i-1]) )
        c[i] = math.cos( math.radians(angles[i-1]) )

    # +90 around Y
    T_0_in_W = np.matrix( [ [  0,  0,  1,  0],
                            [  0,  1,  0,  0],
                            [ -1,  0,  0,  0],
                            [  0,  0,  0,  1] ] )

    T_1_in_0 = np.matrix( [ [ c[1], -s[1],  0, a[1]],
                            [ s[1],  c[1],  0,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  1,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  0,    1] ] )

    T_2_in_1 = np.matrix( [ [ c[2], -s[2],  0, a[2]],
                            [    0,     0, -1,    0],
                            [ s[2],  c[2],  0,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  0,    1] ] )

    T_3_in_2 = np.matrix( [ [ c[3], -s[3],  0, a[3]],
                            [ s[3],  c[3],  0,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  1,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  0,    1] ] )

    T_4_in_3 = np.matrix( [ [ c[4], -s[4],  0, a[4]],
                            [ s[4],  c[4],  0,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  1,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  0,    1] ] )

    T_5_in_4 = np.matrix( [ [ c[5], -s[5],  0, a[5]],
                            [    0,     0, -1,    0],
                            [-s[5], -c[5],  1,    0],
                            [    0,     0,  0,    1] ] )

    T_F_in_5 = np.matrix( [ [  1,  0,  0,  footOffset],
                            [  0,  1,  0,  0],
                            [  0,  0,  1,  0],
                            [  0,  0,  0,  1] ] )

    T_1_in_W = T_0_in_W * T_1_in_0
    T_2_in_W = T_1_in_W * T_2_in_1
    T_3_in_W = T_2_in_W * T_3_in_2
    T_4_in_W = T_3_in_W * T_4_in_3
    T_5_in_W = T_4_in_W * T_5_in_4
    T_F_in_W = T_5_in_W * T_F_in_5

The following Python code is the leg’s Inverse Kinematics (click to expand):


def runIK(target):
    # Solve Joint 1
    num = target[1]
    den = abs(target[2]) - footOffset
    a0Rads = math.atan2(num, den)
    angles[0] = math.degrees(a0Rads)

    # Lengths projected onto z-plane
    c0 = math.cos(a0Rads)
    a2p = a[2]*c0
    a3p = a[3]*c0
    a4p = a[4]*c0
    a5p = a[5]*c0

    j4Height = abs(target[2]) - a2p - a5p - footOffset

    j2j4DistSquared = math.pow(j4Height, 2) + math.pow(target[0], 2)
    j2j4Dist = math.sqrt(j2j4DistSquared)

    # # Solve Joint 2
    num = target[0]
    den = j4Height
    psi = math.degrees( math.atan2(num, den) )
    num = pow(a3p, 2) + j2j4DistSquared - pow(a4p, 2)
    den = 2.0*a3p*j2j4Dist
    if abs(num) <= abs(den):
        phi = math.degrees( math.acos(num/den) )
        angles[1] = - (phi - psi)

    # Solve Joint 3
    num = pow(a3p, 2) + pow(a4p, 2) - j2j4DistSquared
    den = 2.0*a3p*a4p
    if abs(num) <= abs(den):
        angles[2] = 180.0 - math.degrees( math.acos(num/den) )

    # # Solve Joint 4
    num = pow(a4p, 2) + j2j4DistSquared - pow(a3p, 2)
    den = 2.0*a4p*j2j4Dist
    if abs(num) <= abs(den):
        omega = math.degrees( math.acos(num/den) )
        angles[3] = - (psi + omega)

    # Solve Joint 5
    angles[4] = - angles[0]

    runFK(angles)

The following Arduino code is the serial read code for the Arbotix-M (click to expand):


#include 

int numOfJoints = 5;

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(38400);
}

void loop()
{
}

void serialEvent() {
  int id[numOfJoints];
  int pos[numOfJoints];
  while (Serial.available())
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < numOfJoints; ++i)
    {
      id[i] = Serial.parseInt();
      pos[i] = Serial.parseInt();
    }
    if (Serial.read() == '\n')
    {
      for (int i = 0; i  0) && (0 <= pos[i]) && (pos[i] <= 1023 ) )
          SetPosition(id[i], pos[i]);
      }
    }
  }
}

Quadbot updates and sensor options

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Updates

A few and bits and pieces have been added to the model, along with some updates: Longer lower leg and cover, battery and battery compartment in rear body, main electronics boards, foot base and plate, and two ideas for sensors.

The lower legs were extended as initially the “knee” and “ankle” joints were too close. I think the new arrangement gives the leg better overall proportions.

As the battery pack has significant size and weight, its best to include in the design as early as possible. Originally neglected, I have now added a Turnigy 2200 mAh battery, and updated the rear bumper and bracket to accommodate it. Heat dissipation may be an issue, but I’ll leave it like this for now.

I have also measured the placement of the actuators in order to start thinking about the maths for the kinematics.

Some images of current progress:

Sensors

I have tried two ideas for area scanners which could be the main “eyes” of the robot. One is the Kinect v2, and the other a Scanse Sweep.

The main advantages of the Sweep is that it is designed specifically for robotics, with a large range and operation at varying light levels. On its own it only scans in a plane by spinning 360°, however it can be turned into a spherical scanner with little effort. Added bonuses are a spherical scan mounting bracket designed specifically for Dynamixel servos, as well as ROS drivers! It is currently available only on pre-order on SparkFun.

The Kinect has a good resolution and is focused on tracking human subjects, being able to track 6 complete skeletons and 25 joints per person. However it only works optimally indoors and at short ranges directly in front of it. It is however significantly cheaper than the Sweep.

Below is a table comparing the important specs:

XBOX Kinect v2

Scanse Sweep

Technology

Time-of-Flight

LiDAR

Dimensions (mm)

249 x 66 x 67

65 x 65 x 52.8

Weight (kg)

1.4

0.12

Minimum Range (m)

0.5

~0.1

Maximum Range (m)

4.5

40

Sample rate (Hz)

30

1000

Rotation rate (Hz)

N/A

1-10

FOV (°)

70 x 60

360 (planar)

Resolution

512 x 424, ~ 7 x 7 pixels per °

1 cm

Price (£)

280

80 (32 for adaptor)

Sources:

WordPress tip: One thing I really like about WordPress.com is that there are always ways around doing things that initially only seem possible with WordPress.org. Need to add a table into your post? Use Open Live Writer, make the table then copy-paste the table’s generated HTML source code!

Hardware costs

The current estimated hardware costs are quite high, at around £2100. However about half this budget (£955) is due to the fact that I calculated the costs for the custom 3D printed parts by getting quotes from Shapeways. Getting them printed on a homemade 3D printer would reduce the cost significantly. The other large cost is naturally the 22 AX actuators at £790.

For anyone interested, the preliminary BOM can be downloaded here:

Quadbot 17 BOM – 2017-02-26.xlsx

That’s it for now!